History of the Marine Corps

Founding and Early Years (1775-1800)

The United States Marine Corps (USMC) traces its origins to November 10, 1775, when the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia passed a resolution to establish two battalions of Marines to serve as landing forces with the fleet. This act marked the birth of the Continental Marines. Captain Samuel Nicholas set up the first Marine Corps recruiting headquarters at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, PA. Serving on both land and sea, these early Marines distinguished themselves in several significant operations, including their first amphibious raid in the Bahamas in March 1776, led by Captain Nicholas. Nicholas, the first commissioned officer in the Continental Marines, remained the senior Marine officer throughout the American Revolution and is recognized as the first Marine Commandant. The Revolutionary War concluded with the Treaty of Paris in April 1783, and the Continental Marines, along with the Navy, were disbanded.

Re-establishment and 19th Century Expansion (1798-1898)

The Marine Corps was formally re-established on July 11, 1798. Marines saw action in the quasi-war with France, landed in Santo Domingo, and participated in operations against the Barbary pirates along the "Shores of Tripoli." During the War of 1812, Marines were involved in numerous naval battles, defended Washington, D.C., at Bladensburg, Maryland, and fought with Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans. Throughout the 19th century, Marines safeguarded American interests worldwide, including in the Caribbean, the Falkland Islands, Sumatra, and West Africa, and took part in operations against the Seminole Indians in Florida.

In the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), Marines captured enemy seaports on the Gulf and Pacific coasts and fought their way to Mexico City, earning a place in the “Halls of Montezuma.” During the Civil War (1861-1865), Marines served both on land and at sea, participating in blockades and amphibious assaults. The latter part of the 19th century saw Marines making numerous landings around the world, particularly in Asia and the Caribbean.

Early 20th Century and World Wars (1898-1945)

Following the Spanish-American War in 1898, where Marines performed valiantly in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, the Corps entered an era of expansion and professional development. They saw active service in the Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902), the Boxer Rebellion in China (1900), and in numerous nations, including Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Mexico, and Haiti.

In World War I, the Marine Corps distinguished itself on the battlefields of France. The 4th Marine Brigade earned the title "Devil Dogs" for their heroic actions during battles such as Belleau Wood. Marine aviation, which began in 1912, also played a significant role. Over 30,000 Marines served in France, with more than a third killed or wounded in intense fighting.

During the interwar period, the Marine Corps developed the doctrine, equipment, and organization needed for amphibious warfare. This was first demonstrated during World War II with successful campaigns in the Pacific Theater, including Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. By the end of the war, the Marine Corps had grown significantly, with nearly 485,113 personnel.

Cold War Era and Modern Conflicts (1945-Present)

After World War II, the Marine Corps played key roles in the Korean War, proving the viability of amphibious assault at Inchon and enduring harsh conditions at the Chosin Reservoir. They were also involved in the Vietnam War, where they conducted extensive ground operations and counter-insurgency efforts.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Marines responded to various global crises, including peacekeeping in Lebanon, interventions in Grenada and Panama, and humanitarian operations in Somalia, Bangladesh, and the Philippines. They played a significant role in Operation Desert Storm (1991) during the Gulf War, showcasing their rapid deployment capabilities.

Following the September 11 attacks, Marines were among the first ground forces in Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. They were also heavily involved in the Iraq War, employing urban combat techniques in cities like Fallujah.

The Marine Corps' legacy is marked by its commitment to both combat excellence and community service. Notable contributions include the Navajo Code Talkers in World War II, who provided an unbreakable code, and the Montford Point Marines, who broke racial barriers and served valiantly in multiple conflicts.

A Legacy of Distinction and Community Service

Present Day: A Certain Force for an Uncertain World

Today, the Marine Corps remains a vital force, prepared to respond to any crisis with the motto "Semper Fidelis" (Always Faithful). As General Berger, the 38th Commandant of the Marine Corps, stated, "The Marine Corps will be the 'force of choice' for the President, Secretary, and Combatant Commander."

Combining a long and proud heritage of faithful service with the resolve to face tomorrow's challenges, the Marine Corps continues to be the "best of the best," ready to defend and advance the interests of the United States.